Kenya Cub – my heartburn here is with the assertion that the “slots only work at a high angle of attack”. In my opinion they work quite nicely in the more common angles of attack although the benefits are more subtle. Sure it’s obvious that they can keep an airplane flying at ridiculously high angles of attack (and that’s where everyone ends up focusing) but they also are doing their job in routine flight – bear with me while I address your questions.
KenyaCub said:
...Imagine two planes the same everything (weight, wing ...) except the slot. Both at the same angle of attack (not necessarily ridiculously high). Are you saying that the plane with the slot will fly slower for the same angle of attack? why?...
This is a bit of a trick question and I think you know the answer. If by “fly slower” you mean to keep a stall from occurring until a lower airspeed is achieved than the airspeed at which the wing without the slot stalled then the answer is yes. Remember, we are talking about two identical airplanes – the only difference is the slot. This phenomena has been widely demonstrated with vgs and is evidenced by the lower stall speeds of the wings with vgs. The slot does a better job than the vgs because it is providing a laminar (correct term?) flow instead of a turbulent flow (vortices). The slot is also providing that airflow over a much larger surface area than the vgs. The vgs create vortices in bands down the wing while the slot is providing its flow over a contiguous area of the whole wing from the outboard edge of the wing tank to second to last outboard wing rib - I'm guessing that's in the neighborhood of 65-70% or more of the total wing surface area.
The
often overlooked benefits of the slot are dramatically improved aileron responsiveness (responsiveness not roll rate) in slow flight because the attached flow is catching more of the aileron with slots than with vgs; and finally, the biggie in my book, no, zero, none, nix tendency to drop a wing or try to go over on your back when the stall occurs. To focus simply on relative airspeed (fly slow) at which the stall (stop flying) occurs ignores these more important (in my opinion) benefits of the slot; namely, enhanced control response in slow flight and stall spin resistance – and they are there even without a ridiculously high angle of attack. Vgs provide the same benefits as the slot (but to a lesser degree) over a stock wing i.e. enhanced control response and improved stall spin resistance. The slot just does a better job and gives you a huge margin of safety compared to the stock wing or wing with vgs.
KenyaCub said:
...The problem with the slot is it won't work unless you're at high angle of attack. On takeoff on floats, you'll never be able to use it....
Again you are focusing only on the high angle of attack. The benefits I described above; enhanced control response and stall spin resistance are still there even at commonly used (for lack of a better term) angles of attack. Here’s an example.
When I’m on short final I have the airplane setup in a three point attitude (nose up about 10 degrees), typically with full flaps and am descending at about 200-300 fpm – I trim to be able to maintain this attitude hands off. My airspeed will be indicating about 35-40 mph. Now, if I come back gently on the stick, the nose will not pitch up noticeably (marginal change in AOA if any) but my descent rate will jump to 700 maybe even 1,000 fpm. At this point I believe (I can’t prove it I’ve never tufted the wing and filmed it) I’m in a stall but I am descending, wings level, three point attitude, at the 700+ fpm mentioned. If I release the back pressure on the stick the descent rate will slow to the 200-300 fpm I am trimmed for. This dynamic is the direct product of the slot and throughout it I have a “solid” stick feel – no mush – like I felt when I was flying my Cub with stock wings and vgs slow. No high angle of attack here but the benefits of the slot are crystal clear to me – you can feel them when you fly the wing.
I’d be curious to know how many, if any, guys with vgs are flying this edge, descending in a three point attitude on short final. I wouldn’t want to be stalled 100 feet over the runway in a Cub with vgs but it sure feels like that is where I am with the slots and all I have to do to recover is release back pressure and/or add power. No unpleasant and dangerous nose drop or wing dip. Also, I don’t think I’ve seen any other Cubs descending, power back, on the glideslope in a three point attitude on short final – usually they are pitched down about 10 degrees, power back descending on the glideslope and then flare to the three point to land or are pitched up dragging it in tail low with power to land.
Lastly, I’d like to address your assertion that when taking off on floats you will not reap any benefits from the slotted wing. I said it before and I will say it again here now – I am not a float pilot and I have not flown a slot equipped Cub on floats. I will, however, say this – on floats the airplane will benefit from vgs or slots in the same way – you will have enhanced control response and you will have it sooner than with a stock wing. As soon as the air starts flowing over vgs or over a slotted wing they will begin to work. As for the AOA issue – float planes I’ve seen start their takeoff runs sure looked nose high, tail low, to me when they firewalled the throttle on their take off run – isn’t that creating some AOA that admittedly decreases when they get on the step – but AOA none the less. I think Mike B mentioned to me that when he flew a float plane with slots they were getting out of the water without getting on the step. But I will let him confirm or deny that.
Slots and/or vgs aside – lets not overlook the obvious lift benefits of a 44.4% (90.25 inches versus 62.5 inches) larger flap on the Dakota square wing as well as the squared off wing tip that is also generating lift where the bow tip wasn’t. Both the larger flaps and the squared wing have got to be of benefit in trying to get a float plane off the water – more lift. Any float pilots care to comment? Anybody flying a slotted cub on floats?
In summary, I hope that helps – and I hope it helps redirect focus regarding the slotted wing away from the high AOA and towards the more subtle – but way more useful – benefits of enhanced control response when slow and massive stall spin resistance. These will really count when you are maneuvering low and slow and are where the focus should be when it comes to the slotted wing. Sorry about the long post.
Come on U7 and mtsprayer - you guys have been flying the slotted wings for awhile now - let's hear what you think about it.